Hamlet in Comparison to the Lion King

Many literary works can be compared due to vast amounts of similarities between theme and characters; Hamlet and the Lion King are two literary works in which character and theme are surprisingly similar throughout each work. The Lion King is thought to be just an animated children’s film, however, it is in fact a modern translation of Shakespeare’s Hamlet. The main characters in the Lion King are definite parallels to those in Hamlet. Along with the main characters and plot details, the stories were similar in the representation of the secondary characters. Here's my little secret, I killed Mufasa. † The theme in Hamlet can be compared to the Walt Disney movie The Lion King. Hamlet and Simba are betrayed by their uncles whom murder their fathers in order to fulfill their own ambitions. The characters in the Lion King closely parallel Hamlet. Simba, the main character in the Lion King, embodies Hamlet. They are both the son of the King and rightful heir to the thr one. The King of the Pridelands, Mufasa, can be compared to Hamlet Senior, who is killed by the uncle figure. Both Scar and Claudius have an unpleasant image of the uncle. They are presented as cold and evil. Laertes, the henchman and right-hand man of Claudius, becomes, in the movie, the Hyenas. The Hyenas collectively act as hero-worshippers to Scar, loyal subjects, and fellow doers-in-evil. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are the comic reliefs in Hamlet, and in the Lion King, this role is fulfilled by Timon and Pumbaa. The main character in The Lion King is Simba. Simba is quite similar to Hamlet in that both are sons of the wrongfully murdered kings. Both princes delay their decisions to seek vengeance for their murdered fathers. Each prince runs from their responsibilities after the death of their respected fathers, although they both know what they must do deep inside. Simba escapes reality from running away, however Hamlet escapes by feigning madness. However, in both situations, the rightful heirs to the throne escape though one way or another. Film techniques used in the Lion King to depict Simba can relate to ways in which Hamlet is portrayed. At the beginning of the film the camera angle looks up towards him, the lights shine on young Simba; the importance of his birth is immense, although Simba may be oblivious to the fact at the time. Another parallel is the fact that both Simba and Hamlet at one stage wish to be dead. When Timon and Pumbaa find him, they believe Simba to be dead when they first find him. He is not – but wishes to be. The same could be said about Hamlet when he questions his life – â€Å"To be, or not to be†. Like Hamlet, Simba tends to need to be on his own to reflect. Hamlet and Simba are near perfect examples of tragic heroes. Both are tested to the extent of their inner strength and faith in the triumph of good. In comparison, Scar’s selfish character is similar to that of Claudius. Both Scar and Claudius have an unpleasant image. Scar is dark in colour, skinny, with long black nails and green evil eyes. The eyes represent jealousy, greed, and envy. Both characters are â€Å"thinly veiled† and scheme to destroy people they dislike. In the opening scene of the Lion King, Mufasa confronts his brother Scar. â€Å"Don’t turn your back on me! † Mufasa stops Scar with a warning. Scar shoots back – â€Å"No, perhaps you shouldn’t turn your back on me! † This is a veiled threat on the king’s life. Because the king is never introduced in Hamlet, the audience is left to wonder whether the king had any notice that his brother wanted him dead. However there is a parallel to this scene found in Hamlet. Scar shows how it is in the nature of the truly evil to have their victims know they are going to die. If they are warned of their death and do nothing, they are weak. Scar and Claudius are a strong parallel shown through their character and evil ways. The themes story of the Lion King closely parallels that of Hamlet. They are stories of jealousy, greed, and murder. Tis an unweeded garden†, is a line used in one of Hamlet’s soliloquy’s to describe the state of Denmark when Claudius takes over the throne after killing Old Hamlet. The metaphor can relate to the film, when Scar takes over the throne after murdering Mufasa; the Pridelands become drained of colour, corruption is spreading fast in Africa, as it is in Denmark, with the uncles usurping the throne and the animal kingdom. This theme of corruption and how it spreads begins with Scar plotting to murder the King. The same can be said for Hamlet. â€Å"Life’s not fair, is it? Scar’s line at the very beginning of the movie instigates the theme of corruption; Hamlet’s soliloquy explaining Denmark as an â€Å"unweeded garden† begins this theme too. Shakespeare’s example of imagery in Hamlet is fulfilled in the film using colour to portray the theme. When Simba returns to the Pride Lands after Scar has been in power, the entire place appears to be dead. There are no animals left, there is no water, and there is nothing but sand and rock. The appearance of Pridelands reflects the heart of Scar. Dead. This is the same as the state of Elsinore reflecting the heart of Claudius. Claudius’s evil ways destroy the image of Denmark. Claudius is dead inside. In comparison, the theme of the â€Å"circle of life† is portrayed in the Lion King through Pride Rock, and the use of colour and imagery. The theme is developed at the very beginning, when Mufasa is ruling, and the whole Pridelands is in perfect harmony. The area of Pride Rock is always under beams of sunlight, suggesting a bright future, and harmony with the world. Each animal has its place in the â€Å"Circle of Life†. â€Å"You see, Simba. Everything you see exists together in a delicate balance†¦ we are all connected in the great Circle of Life. Mufasa explains to Simba that everything and everyone is connected in some way or another – â€Å"When we die, we become the grass, and the antelope eat the grass†. This can be linked with the line â€Å"†¦you must know, your father lost a father/ That father lost, lost his†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Although in context Claudius says this in an unsympathetic and rude way, it can relate to the theme of the circle of life – as it is part of the â€Å"circle of life† for people to lose their father and so on and so forth. With all that being said, there is one vital difference between the two works, and that is The Lion King ends in triumph, with Hamlet, to the contrary – tragedy. The circle of life is completed again when Simba returns to the Pridelands, the future looking promising and bright. As for Hamlet, considered to be the greatest tragedy ever written, the hero of the play dies. It ends in treachery. â€Å"O villainy! Ho! Let the door be locked! / Treachery, seek it out! † Even with a different ending, there still is a resemblance: that is the future of the kingdom. Both Hamlet and Simba ensure the renewal of their domains, and they do so by assuming their lawful roles: rightful king and avenging son. By doing so, they free their kingdoms from evil’s grasp.

The Manual Transmission System Engineering Essay

In this study, I am traveling to compare and contrast the difference between Toyota 5 velocity manual gear box transmittal and Toyota 5 velocity automatic transmittal system.2. History of the transmittalIn 1894 Louis-Rene Panhard and Emile Levassor invented the modern transmittal. Today we still use the same construct since it was introduced. The construct is still the same that the crankshaft connects from the engine to the transmittal shaft through clasp. The latter is mounted to cogwheels which control and run the transmittal of the gesture that is coming from the engine to the wheels. Few experiments have been done about type and Numberss of cogwheels but still until today the same construct is applied. To do it easier for the driver to command velocity and with aid of cogwheels, synchromesh cogwheels and a unrecorded rear axle were invented. Alternatively of holding cogwheels engage and disengage once more from each other, a auto transmittal that had cogwheels and uninterrupted with each other was introduced, all the cogwheels were traveling and the Canis familiaris clasp was designed in order to link the cogwheels that are caused to revolve by engine and travel the wheels frontward. Different cogwheels with different sizes are designed to increase or diminish the impulse of the vehicle. The most popular transmittals were 4 velocity transmittals which its top cogwheel ( 4th ) had a ratio of 1:1 while other cogwheels had lower ratios. Then, applied scientists came with a fifth cogwheel in which will increase the ratio by 1 between the engine revolutions per minute and the wheel revolutions per minute that is known as overdrive. American discoverers Harold Sinclair and Richard Spikes designed automatic transmittal while German discoverers invented the automatic transmittal fundamental design. While General Motors provided automatic transmittal in all of their autos that were manufactured from 1938 and by the terminal of 1940s most of the auto manufactures offered at least one transmittal in their theoretical accounts. Electric autos besides fitted with electric auto transmittal. Now the market for automatic transmittal is immense and most autos are manufactured with it ( Car transmittal, 2006 )3. Automatic transmittal systemThis is the type of transmittal that is capable of altering the gear ratios automatically while the vehicle is traveling without the demand of the driver to manually alter the cogwheel utilizing the gear stick. The chief intent of the transmittal is to supply the undermentioned result: Impersonal – to maintain the engine running without the cogwheel, or traveling the vehicle. Lower cogwheels – for taking off intent and for operating in heavier state of affairs. Higher cogwheels – for cruising, higher velocity and lighter weight Reverse gear – to travel the vehicle backwards. Transfering the drive torsion to the needed wheels ( Crolla, D, 2009, P, 109 ) The automatic transmittal comes into two different types. The front wheel thrusts vehicles that are designed more compact than rear wheel thrust vehicle ‘s transmittals that are usually connected in the engine compartment in which they are known as transaxle. Both of these types of transmittal do the same occupation and same design of the planetal cogwheel train. The indispensable portion for the front wheel drive transmittal is differential, while the rear wheel thrust transmittal has externally mounted derived function which is uses the thrust shaft to associate up with the transmittal. The automatic transmittal system contains few major constituents. These are: Planetal cogwheel unit Torque convertor Hydraulic control unit Sealing waxs and gasket Computer Governor/ modulator The above six constituents perform assorted responsibilities in transmittal as explained below ( Toyota proficient preparation ) .Planetal gear unit:The intent of planetal gear unit is to supply and altering different gear ratios. By and large, the planetal cogwheel unit contains three major parts. These are pealing cogwheel, interior cogwheel ( sun cogwheel ) and planetal bearer that carries three or four cogwheels which are between the interior cogwheel and outer ring cogwheel.Planetal cogwheel unitWhen one portion of the planetal cogwheel connects to the input shaft which leads to the engine, the 2nd portion is held still and the 3rd portion normally attached to the end product shaft. It all depends on which portion stays still, which one is the input or end product because it will ensue in different gear ratios. Thingss such as brake sets, hydraulic clasp battalions and one manner clasps are used in the planetal cogwheel to command the power flow. Every cogwheel links up to a com bination of clasp battalions and bake sets being engaged or disengaged ( Samarins.com )Torque convertorIs a unstable type yoke, that lets the engine to revolve freely without the aid from the transmittal, if the engine is running easy, tick overing or on the halt traffic, there is a little sum of torsion that is passed via torsion convertor, less force per unit area is besides required on the brake pedal to maintain the auto stationary. Besides when you put more force per unit area on the gas pedal, it speeds up and adds more fluid into the torsion convertor which causes the wheels to have more torsion. The torsion convertor lodging contains five major constituents. Pump is fixed to lodging, turbine that is connected through end product shaft to transmittal, stator has end product that is connected to fixed shaft in transmittal, fluid and convertor clasp. This lodging is attached to the engine ‘s flywheel and rotates and at any velocity that the engine is whirling. The torsion convertor besides has pumps that is made up of fives and are attached to the lodging that uses the same velocity as engine to turn. Centrifugal type pump is used inside the torsion convertor, as it rotates it causes the fluid to be thrown outside and this action creates the vacuity that draws a batch of fluid in at the Centre. Once the fluid arrives in the blades of the turbine, the transmittal begins to revolve and this causes the auto to travel, the turbine ‘s blades are curved and this makes the fluid that is coming from the exterior to travel into different manner before it goes to the Centre of the turbine, this changing of way is the 1 that causes the turbine to whirl. In other manner we can set that both turbine and the fluid spin in different way and this creates the force as an result. This fluid that exists from the turbine is normally traveling into different way as the pump and engine bend, because if the fluid hits the pump straight, it may do the engine to blow power or decelerate it down and that is why there is a stator in the torsion convertor ( Builders transmittal and used auto Inc. ) .Hy draulic control unit:A transmittal fluid is sent utilizing the engine oil pump that controls the public presentation of the auto clasps that helps the planetal cogwheel sets to work swimmingly.Sealing waxs and gasketTheir work is to back up and keep the right topographic point of the engine oil and halt it from leaking outside.Governor / ModulatorThis controls and proctors throttle place and the velocity of the auto to find when to alter the cogwheels.ComputerThis is the major unit that uses detectors to command all the activities such as engine velocity, engine burden, throttle place, brake pedal place etc. ( Carazoo, 2010 )4. MaterialsThe stuffs that are used to construct clasp or transmittal have to defy heat, clash, lasting, strong, difficult and tough. These stuffs are organic, Kevlar, segmented Kevlar, intercrossed C, ceramic and sintered Fe ( UUC Motorwerks, 2003 )5. Advantages of automatic transmittal systemThe torsion convertor gives more engine torsions and reduces the str ain and the daze of the full thrust line. A lock up clasp is included in the latest automatic transmittal, this helps in maximising the fuel economic system because of its direct mechanical linkage from the engine to the transmittal. A vehicle with automatic transmittal is really comfy and easy to drive as the driver does non necessitate to manually alter the gear ratios. Automatic transmittal can besides be powerful and strong because of the agreement of the Sun cogwheel and ring cogwheel, this addition the cogwheel ‘s contacts that reduces the cogwheel ‘s breakage and supplies more torsion on large country ( Rowe, R. 2010 )6. Disadvantages of automatic transmittalSince the automatic transmittal is made up of several constituents, the chief reverse can happen when individual portion interruptions down working and this can do a transmittal to halt working, as a consequence maintaining or repairing it can be really expensive. Besides the entire velocity of the vehicle is controlled by the computing machine that manages the transmittal, and the driver can lose the acceleration beyond a certain velocity. Automatic transmittal can overheat easy.7. Manual transmittal systemThis is the type of transmittal in which the driver has to manually alter the cogwheel ratio scene by utilizing the cogwheel stick inside the auto. There are two types of manual transmittals. The changeless mesh design and the sliding cogwheel type. The sliding-gear type, no portion is turning inside the transmittal instance except the chief thrust cogwheel and bunch cogwheel when the transmittal is in impersonal. In order to engage the cogwheels and use engine power to travel the vehicle, the driver pushes the clasp pedal and moves the displacement boss, which shifts a linkage and forks to skid a cogwheel along the chief shaft that is connected directly above the bunch. Once the cogwheels are meshed, the clasp pedal is released and the power from the engine is sent to the thrust wheels. There can be different cogwheels on the chief shaft of different diameters and tooth counts, and the transmittal displacement linkage is designed so the driver has to unmesh one cogwheel before being able to engage another. With these older transmittals, gear clang is a job because the cogwheels are all revolving at different velocity ( Cook, M. 2009 ) The 5 velocity manual transmittal cogwheel box has a three plane agreement order with contrary cogwheel alongside 5th cogwheel and uses a particular fluid to run. Traveling forks are attached to three broad base tracks that work in ordered bushing for less clash, these traveling levers are connected together to the shifting overseas telegrams. Every one of them uses different manner with selected lever and this creates less switching attempts for a driver, it besides avoids to by chance prosecuting the contrary cogwheel from 5th because of the manner it is designed to run, it shifts the crossing over lever into three to four cogwheel without thronging or binding. The displacement boss is normally used to command the gear ratios. The forward cogwheel ratios are synchronized utilizing great capacity double cone brass ( 1st and 2nd ) and other cogwheels are synchronized with paper clash stuffs which is more strong and clang resistant than brass. The input shaft uses paper stuffs synchroscopes, by cutting revolving inactiveness it helps to cut down the shifting attempt. A rearward battle clang can be minimised by utilizing a brake mechanism. The needle roller bearings are fixed to cut down clash and extend gear life. The instance itself is cast in merely two pieces to cut down leak waies ; structural ribs strengthen and indurate the instance to cut down noise and quiver with little or no excess weight. The instance has good bending stiffness, offering a natural frequence above the exciting frequence of the engine at peak revolutions per minute ( Massey, K. 2010 )8. Clasp systemA manual transmittal system will non work without a clasp. This is the mechanism that is used for conveying rotary motion that can be engaged and disengaged. This is controlled by the driver who uses a particular release mechanism to command the motion of the torsion between them.The clasp assemblyA individual phonograph record clasp assembly contains four major parts: the rear face of the flywheel- a drive member the clasp disc- the goaded member the force per unit area home base assembly-a drive member the release mechanism-disengages and engages the clasp ( May, E. 2004. p,250 )8.1 Types of claspsMultidisc clasp that contain two or more phonograph records are normally used in automatic transmittal, motor rhythms and heavy mechanical equipment. While the manual transmittal is operated utilizing a dry clasp and there is no lubrication between surfaces. The automatic transmittal clasp operates wet, it is enclosed in the transmittal instance that is full of lubrication fluid. By and large, in automatic transmittal there is no clasp pedal and a gear displacement ( Roymech, 2010 ) ( Genta & A ; Morello, 2009 P, 425 ) There are so many different types of clasps such as cone clasps, wet clasps and dry clasps but the common one uses one or more clash phonograph record that are pushed really tight together or against the fly wheel utilizing a spring. A Clasp contains two revolving shafts, one is operated utilizing block and the other one uses a different method, these two shafts are connected together by the clasp so that they can be locked together and revolving at the same clip while it engages, or be decoupled and rotate at different velocity while it disengages. The input shaft is used at the Centre of the force per unit area to prosecute the splines of the clash phonograph record hub. The clasp and flywheel assembly whirling as one unit when the engine is revolving. The flywheel is having the torsion from the engine, uses the clash that is happening from the clasp phonograph record to the spline hub into the transmittal. When the clasp pedal is moved, it manages and controls the motion of the to rsion between two units. The force per unit area home base can be retracted against the springs force and frees the phonograph record from its clamping action by dejecting the pedal. These two units and clamping force can be connected once more by let go ofing the pedal one time once more. This is a really of import mechanism when: Prosecuting the transmittal into cogwheel, the input shaft from the transmittal must be disengaged from the engine. The pedal is released easy, it provides a gradual battle of the thrust, as the facings faux pass of the clash faux pas, and this lets the torsion to be applied continuously until these two units are connected really tightly. Choosing different ratio, altering cogwheels when the vehicle is traveling, for this to go on, the engine torsion from the transmittal must be interrupted. The disengaged of the transmittal that causes the vehicle to halt and allow the engine tally at tick overing velocity. The co-efficient of clash between the clash facings and their coupling surfaces, the entire spring force and the sum of facings in contact can make up one's mind the torsion that is transferred by the clasp. If you want to increase the torque capacity, the diameter of the clasp needs to be increased and this will do the spring force to increase. Multi home base clasp can be made by holding two or more clasp home bases every bit good as increasing the figure of facings and torque capacity. They are utile where by cut downing the diameter is good or where by increasing the spring strength is unwanted. ( CDX online eTextbook ) .9. Advantages of manual transmittal systemThe manual transmittal vehicles are normally cheaper and good in care comparison to the automatic 1s, this is because altering of the fluid can be really less, besides when it breaks down it is more than probably that the clasp needs to be replaced and this can salvage you a batch from purchasing a new or 2nd manus transm ittal. It gives better control because of the faster displacement response, this is chiefly due to the bad conditions. They can every bit good be good in braking because the driver is non contending the attempt of the automatic transmittal to travel frontward. It can be good is footings of fuel economic system because you can switch the cogwheel into impersonal and avoiding drive in lower cogwheels. A skilled driver at switching cogwheels will hold a better grip in snowy, muddy or slippery conditions and might every bit good be easier to acquire of the unsafe state of affairs than automatic 1. Manual transmittal is besides lighter in weight. And there is a fun point of position in driving manual because it keeps you active and keeps you cognizant of what is traveling on around you ( Moore, S. 2010 )10. Disadvantages of manual transmittal systemDriving manual auto in traffic can be really pain full particularly when there is a stop start drive, automatic autos are more comfy in this instance. It is really improbable to happen a manual transmittal auto with a sail control. Most auto now are built in automatic transmittal so there is less handiness of autos with manual transmittal every bit good as the troubles in larning how to drive manual transmittal autos.11. Report SummaryThis has been a successful study and I have researched a batch of information about this subject. Indeed I have acquired a batch transmittal system. Here are some few pointed aligned below: History of the transmittal What is automatic transmittal system Major constituents of the automatic transmittal and how they work Advantages and disadvantages of automatic transmittal system What is manual transmittal system Clasp assembly and clasp constituents and how they work Advantages and disadvantages of manual transmittal system12. DecisionsHarmonizing to my apprehension in the study, it shows the chief difference between automatic transmittal and manual transmittal is that automatic transmittal uses torque convertor to make power while manual transmittal uses clasp to prosecute and withdraw the cogwheels. Besides automatic autos are in really high demanding since most of the constituents are controlled by computing machines now in the auto. It besides shows that one time the automatic transmittal breaks it can be really difficult and complicated to repair it and this may stop up in replacing the whole transmittal. In footings of manual cogwheel box, the study shows they are really hard to interrupt or decease every bit good as less care excessively, this is one of the best things in manual transmittal because it can last for long clip without anything happen. From my point of position I would ever urge to travel for manual auto if you enjoy the cogwheel altering ration as I do.

Major Theories of Human Development

1. Epigenetic theory (Erikson) Erikson's epigenetic theory depicts personality development as a passage through eight sequential stages of ego development from infancy through old age. According to Erikson, the developing individual must master and resolve, to some extent, a core conflict or crisis during each stage by integrating personal needs and skills with the social and cultural demands and expectations of the environment. Passage to each developmental stage is dependent on the resolution of the core conflict of ht preceding stage. No core conflict is completely mastered, however (Mandleco 2004). 2. Psychoanalytic theory (Freud) According to Freud, human behavior is motivated by psychodynamic forces within an individual's unconscious mind. Driven to act by these internal forces, individuals repeatedly interact with their external environment. An individual's personality and psychosexual identity are developed through the accumulation of these interacational experiences. Personality consists of three components: id, ego and superego. The id is inborn, unconscious and driven by biologic instincts. The ego is a conscious and rational faculty. The superego is the internalization of the moral values learnt from parents and elders (Madleco 2004). 3) Behaviorist theory (Watson) Behaviorism contends that human behavior can be explained as just a relationship between a stimulus and a response, and learned behavior is just a conditioned response.  Everything from speech to emotional responses are simply patterns of stimulus and response. Watson denied completely the existence of the mind or consciousness. Emotions are regarded simply as conditioned bodily responses to outside events. Thinking is explained simply as talking quietly. Watson believed that human behavior should be studied in a manner that allows the researcher to predict and control those behaviors (Klein 1989). 4) Classical conditioning (Thorndike, Skinner) Building upon the work of Thorndike, Skinner distinguished two types of behavior. Respondent behavior is based on reflexes and does not require learning. For example, if one touches a hot surface, one will quickly remove one's hand. Operant behavior, however, is learnt, and is performed spontaneously rather than as an automatic response to a situation. According to Skinner most human behavior is operant. Whereas classical conditioning depends on developing associations between events, operant conditioning involves learning from consequences of our behavior (Klein 1989). 5) Social learning theory (Bandura) In social learning theory, primary focus is given to learning experiences that occur through reciprocal social interactions. Environmental or situational determinants are important, but interactions are thought to be the conduit for internalization of social and nonsocial cues for behavior. Bandura and colleagues investigated the effects of modeling and imitation on the behavior of young children. They postulated that modeling and imitation are the primary interaction processes through which behavioral repertoires are acquired. Social learning theory emphasizes the socializing influence of the family (Lerner 1996). 6)   Cognitive theory (Piaget) According to Piaget's cognitive theory, children's development is marked by periods when they are particularly sensitive and responsive to outside influences. However, children are not blank slates on which teachers compose whatever they desire. Children, who have inherent dispositions and tendencies and are subject to their external environments, develop and grow intellectually in an invariable sequence from birth through adolescence and adulthood. To teach effectively, teachers should be aware of the materials and approaches most appropriate for a child's readiness to learn (Sigelman & Rider 2005). 7. Humanism (Maslow) The humanistic theory centers its attention on the experiencing person, emphasizes on qualities such as choice, creativity, valuation, and self-realization, with an ultimate concern for valuing of dignity and worth of a man, and an interest in the development of the potential inherent in every person. Maslow has referred to his psychology as holistic, dynamic psychology, and most of all it is known as self-actualization psychology, which expresses that people possess potentiality which could become actualities through the process of wholesome growth (Coon 2004). 8. Stages of moral development (Kohlberg) Kohlberg postulated that human beings tend to progress through six stages of moral development. People tend to make decisions and judgments about right and wrong for different reasons, depending on the stage of development they have achieved. Kohlberg's six stages of moral development are: 1) Right is obedience to power and avoidance of punishment.   2)Right is taking responsibility for oneself 3) Right is being good in the sense of having good motives 4) Right is maintaining the rules of a society 5) Right is based on recognized individual rights within a society 6) Right is an assumed obligation to principles applying to all humankind: justice, equality, and respect to human life (Lerner 1996). References: Coon, D. 2004. Introduction to Psychology : Gateways to Mind and Behavior. Belmont, CA :   Thomson Wadsworth Klein, S. B. 1989. Contemporary Learning Theories: Instrumental Conditioning Theory  and the Impact of Biological Constraints on Learning. Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Lerner, R. M. 1996. Concepts and Theories of Human Development. Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Mandleco, B. L. 2004. Growth & Development Handbook: Newborn Through Adolescent. Clifton Park, NY : Delmar Learning Sigelman, C. K. & Rider E. A. 2005. Life-span Human Development.   Belmont, CA : Thomson Wadsworth

Process of merchants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Process of merchants - Essay Example The said process can be considered as the onset of the different processes that are needed to be undertaken which require a synergy of planning and strict decision making since critical assessment is required to determine what types of products can target the needs of the clients (Cant, Strydom, Jooste and du Plessis 128). The identification of the clientele for the particular upcoming season can be considered as a crucial step in the process. Initially, specific type of consumers is identified and the stability of the said market to support continued manufacturing and production is established. An addition important characteristic of the said market is economic accessibility which is related to more profitability in terms of less expenses and costs on higher benefits (Cant, Strydom, Jooste and du Plessis 128). There are different criteria that can assess the right choice in merchants. One is the size and growth capability of the market that can ensure use up of the supplies that can be produced and the expansion of the business undertaken. The potential profitability which is related to the long-term capability of the business to prosper is another important factor. The determination of the capability of the business to achieve the set goals is also another important factor (Cant, Strydom, Jooste and du Plessis 129). Basically in the determination and classification of the profitable line and market in the merchant process can only effective if it is compatible to the type of services that can be offered. Thus, the process of classification choice of a merchant can also include the assessment of the point where the needs of the market and the capability of the company can meet. Through this, the profitability can be optimized. To be able to have the maximum benefits in the market, the process of forecasting or determination of the products that can have the high demands can be considered as another fundamental phase.

Deng Xiaoping's foreign policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Deng Xiaoping's foreign policy - Essay Example Though Korea and Japan are trade partners for US in Asia, the policies of US regarding China even dominated election manifesto of that Country. When discussing about the foreign policy of Deng Xiao Ping, it is reasonable to mention about US. The underlying reason is that in post cold war period, US emerged as a single super power and any country's foreign policy was compelled to keep US in consideration if it wants to be a major partner in world trade. Deng's policy was matter of discussion because China developed links with US despite confrontation in past and present (Taiwan). The significant feature in the Deng's foreign policy is recognising the US as a sole super power in post cold war period. The growth of China compelled US to treat human rights and economic benefits separately. Development of Sino US relations: From the date of sworn in of George Bush in 1989 till the end of two term presidency of Bill Clinton Sino American relations took a dramatic changes. Bush even visited China before visiting Europe to state the new priorities and China reciprocated in the same way US responses.1 The communication gap between China and Soviet Union, the down ward trend of Soviet Union's economy, George Bush's diplomacy in meeting China's leadership before Gorbachev met them made this foreign policy a successful thing for PRC (people's Republic of China). In the aftermath of Tiananmen Square incident China's top leadership recognised that US have its own compulsions regarding the moral and human values. From that point of time both the countries started responding cautiously to each other's acts and deeds. The opening of China's market and the opportunities to establish industries there by US companies made Bill Clinton to treat human rights and economic issues separat ely to avoid sanctions on China. After 1994 gesture of Clinton there was even military confrontation between US and China regarding Taiwan Strait. But within one year China recognised the compulsions of US regarding Taiwan and summits were held between the two countries in 1997 and 1998, which resulted a strategic partnership between the two countries. After that though a failure, US supported to include China in WTO. A saying was developed in diplomatic circles in between 1989-2000. It was "the American elections start with criticising China and the elected president term ends with developing relations with China". This gives the intentions of the leaders of both the countries to develop relations in spite of opposition in the home country. The reason is that the populations of the two countries interacted very less till then. The interaction is possible when the relations develop. So instead of stepping into precipice, the leaders of both the countries tried to refrain themselves from criticising each other in the case of domestic and international developments. Though the per capita income of China is less than number of western countries, the vastness of its economy and number of customers in its 1.2 billion population made West and US to develop strategic relations with China. So if Deng's foreign policy was termed as a success, the credit goes to the economic development of China. Though there are disparities in distribution of wealth in China, the size of the economy compels any

Personal profile about Roger Tsien who is biochemist Essay

Personal profile about Roger Tsien who is biochemist - Essay Example However, such technology was available from the as late as the 1990’s. Roger Tsien was the winner of a third of the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 2008, along with Osamu Shimomura and Martin Chalfie. The winners of the 2008 Nobel Prize in chemistry were selected because of their research that led to the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP. Their work on GFP was important in the field of biology as it enabled scientists to be able to study living cells at the molecular level. Roger Tsien is a Chinese-American born on February1, 1952 in New York, USA. The professor of the University of California, San Diego Tsien is a generational descendant of ancient china Wuyue kingdom’s King Qian Liu. In addition to his rich genealogy, Tsien comes from an intellectually accomplishment family. His father was a graduate from Massachusetts institute of technology (MIT). Additionally, the brothers of his mothers were engineering professors of Massachusetts institute of technology (MIT). The cousin of his father, Tsien Hsue-Shen is a highly regarded rocket scientist. Additionally, his brother is a scientist at the New York University. Tsien early years were lived in Livingston (NJ). As a child, Tsien mainly stayed indoors due to his asthma condition. This provided the Livingston high school student at the time, to focus his energies towards chemistry experiments. After pouring most of his free time towards experiments at his basement laboratory, he was able to win the Westinghouse talent search. His winning entry in the national prize completion was an investigation of how metals bind to thiocyanate (Tsien, 2014). On graduation from Livingston high school, he proceeded to Harvard University. In 1972, he emerged from the university with a bachelor of science in chemistry and physics. Having studied In Harvard University on a national merit scholarship, Tsien got a

The critical factors influencing citizen infusion to e government web Dissertation

The critical factors influencing citizen infusion to e government web services - Dissertation Example ........................................................... 8 5.1.2.2 Government to Government (G2G) ..................................................................... 8 5.1.2.3 Government to Business (G2B)............................................................................ 8 5.1.2.4 Government to Employee (G2E)........................................................................... 8 5.1. 4. STAGE MODELS OF e GOVERNMENT................................................................. 9 5.1.5. CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................. 12 5.2. TECHNOLOGY INFUSION................................................................ 13 5.2.1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................... 13 5.2.2. INFUSION CONCEPTAND MODELS...................................................................... 13 5.2.3. CRITICAL FACTORS THAT INFLU ENCING CITIZEN INFUSION................. 19 5.2.3.1. Environmental †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.............................................................................. 19 5.2.3.2. Individual †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...................................................................................... 21 5.2.3.3. Design †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦............................................................................................22 5.2.4. CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................. 23 6. RESEARCH MODEL............................................................. 24 REFERENCES............................................................................ 25 1 Introduction As a direct result of advances in Information and... This essay discusses that as a direct result of advances in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) through the internet, citizens have developed a whole new set of expectations regarding the methods and processes used in interacting with their respective governments. Following in the footsteps of the revolution in consumer purchasing that E-commerce established, e government (electronic government) has been stated by studies such as those by Dodd as the new wave of the future in public sector interaction between citizens and government offices for the next generation. e government can be described as the implementation of digital processes and technologies in order to increase efficiency, reliability and coverage of internal and external government services and information sharing to citizens while at the same time implementing a concept known as "lean governance" wherein wasteful spending, processes and methods of operation are in effect eliminated as a direct result of util izing e government procedures and systems. It is based on these perceived benefits that a large number of developed and developing countries around the world have begun to allocate resources towards e government programs and initiatives. In fact, as seen in the article "From e government to Connected Governance" a survey conducted by the United Nations in 2010 showed that 189 out of 192 member states were actually pushing through with a significant amount of e government initiatives.

Issue of immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Issue of immigration - Essay Example First of all, we should never forget the fact that United States is a country of immigrants from the very its creation. This makes USA essentially multicultural as there are a lot of representatives of different cultures and nations cohabitate on the same territory. Recent researches show that the level of immigration in the US is increasing not only because of a better economical level of life, but also because of the multiculturalism of the country, which allows people from different counties feel comfortable on the US territory (Clark, Hatton, and Williamson 359). In addition, it is very important for immigrants to live in a country that can provide them with special adaptation to their cultural consumer needs, like production of special goods, adaptation of language, and ethnical-based education. These policies indeed exist in the US and depend on a state and the amount of foreign immigrants in it (Crockett et al. 50). However, racial and national humanism that exists in the coun try is obviously not the main reason why people from all over the world strive to live in USA. The main reason is a high level of life and possibility of gaining material prosperity in the United States (Orrenius and Zavodny 949). Still the increasing level of immigration has caused some difficulties concerning changes in the US immigration policies. This new restricted laws and conditions of checking of incoming immigrants forbid a lot of people to become US citizens. One of such issue is division of immigrants’ families where children born within the US borders are citizens while their parents are illegal (Hwang and Parreà ±as 100). The problem causes a lot of discussions as the restricted immigrant law often breaks families, creating unhappy citizens of the country and forming a specific layer of society. In fact, these actions break the liberal principles of

Danesh web design studio problematic situation Case Study

Danesh web design studio problematic situation - Case Study Example In this paper, we will describe a "Problematic" situation in a Web Design Studio, we will review some of the most appropriate management science methods for analyzing the situation and recommend the most suitable method(s) that helps to resolve the problem.We will build a model of the problem based on the selected method(s) and will discuss the limitation of the model we have developed. Also, we will discuss the process of exploring the model, arriving at recommended actions and implementing these actions within the culture of the organization.Before we start describing the problematic situation, we have better have an overview of "Danesh Web Design Studio"1 web services and introduce the structure of the organization in brief. We will then identify the problematic situation in the company.Danesh Web Design Studio offers a complete package of affordable website design and development. From the initial process of taking inputs from clients, planning on the basis of such inputs to fina l implementation and testing - all are done using latest web-site designing technique and skills.They allow their customers to provide all kind of inputs. They develop the website, giving top priority to the intended audience/market and overall user experience. They constantly keep the customers informed and take their feedback during the job process.Some of the services they provide for their customers are "Website Management and Maintenance", "E-Commerce Solutions","Search Engine Optimisation","Design and Implementation of Web-Based Applications" and "Website re-Design".... One of the project manager lefted the company to join a software production team in canada. The problem was the failure in project delivery to customers in the appointee time. Each project was delivered to the customers with seven to twenty days delay. This caused the studio to cancel some of the newly received projects in order to accomplish the old orders in shortest possible time and this caused the company to loose 7 orders worth of $47500 in June 2006. Nothing in the studio's total structure was changed exept for the project management because the company had lost %33 of it's management power. This seemed to be the cause of the failure in delivering the orders in time but other factors like the productivity of the personnel and their expertise in the field they were working could be questioned too. Not all the orders have been the same, for example, an employee might have been assigned to an order which has not been in the scope of his knowlege no matter if he/she has taken the order because of a good income or it has been the manager's decision. In next section, we will have an overview to some of the most appropriate management science methods that seems they may help us resolve the issue in the shortest possible time. We will then select the most appropriate method to resolve the issue with. 2. Reviewing some of the most appropriate management science methods for analysing the situation "Management science, or MS, is the discipline of using mathematics, and other analytical methods, to help make better business decisions. While often considered synonymous with Operations research (OR), MS is differentiated by being generally thought to have a more practical, rather than academic, bent. Some of the fields that are englobed within Management Science

Medication errors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Medication errors - Essay Example Electronic prescribing is preferred means of avoiding prescription errors in the sense that the errors that may result due to illegible handwriting, among others. It is required to have a disciplinary approach when solving medical errors by adopting an attitude of not blaming others for avoiding punishments. To avoid these, it is essential to have an open environment that is safe in order to be able to detect the report any medication errors. Medication error incidents vary between two per cent to fourteen percent of all the patients admitted in a hospital. In United States, medication error kills up to seven thousand patients annually, and this accounts for one in every twenty hospitals admissions in all the hospitals. The significant scope for these errors in hospitals is due to the presence of multiple steps that are involved in the medication chain. This process begins during drug prescription to the time when the patient receives drugs. Medical mistakes take place during the pla nning of a relevant action to take, and it may be based on having relevant knowledge. Other errors are based on the rules laid down, while the rest are slip and technical errors. The various medication errors are also classified based on the place it occurs. ... escription errors are usually caused by lack of knowledge of the drug prescribed, poor recommendation of drug dosage, using verbal orders during prescription, confusion of the drug names, and even using abbreviations that results in confusion. There are organizational factors, which include inadequate training, having low perception of the importance of prescribing, and lack of self-awareness of this type of error. Errors during medication prescription usually occur because of a multiple factors rather than a single factor (Koch, Gloth and Nay, 2010). Use of electronic prescribing helps in avoiding the prescription risks, and the use of computerized physician order will eliminate use of transcription of orders by nurses and interpretation orders done by pharmacists hence a reduction in prescription errors. Dispensing Errors Dispensing errors basically take place in any stage during dispensing; key actions include selecting wrong drugs for a patient. This type of error occurs primaril y when drugs that have similar names, or even appearance, are used. For instance, drugs like Lasix and Losec have proprietary names and when handwritten, they will look similar; therefore, they should be prescribed generally. Moreover, wrong dosage, giving a patient wrong drug, or even using computerized labeling to a wrong patient leading to transposition are other dispensing errors. In order to avoid these errors, it is important to keep interruptions during the dispensing procedures to a minimum level while maintaining the workloads of the pharmacists at a level that is manageable. It is also important to be aware of high risks drugs such as cytotoxic agents; and the introduction of systematic procedures that can be used in dispensing medicines. Administration Errors Errors that occur

Scarlet and Black Reflection Essay Example for Free

Scarlet and Black Reflection Essay After seeing what type of life he has lived, the priesthood may look appealing to many. He is constantly helping people and getting in and out of trouble. The situations he finds himself in may not necessarily be because he is a priest, but rather because of the type of person he is. Fr. O’Flaherty’s drive and desire to help people makes him a saint to many people. Many priests probably would not have gone to the extent that Fr. O’Flaherty went to in helping the soldiers. He was close to death many times, but continued to fight for freedom. Some parts of this film, to me, seemed over done in the idea that Fr. O’Flaherty was some type of superhero. There is no doubt in my mind that he was an awesome person and helped many people, but do I believe that he fought evil ninja priests? Not necessarily. The spousal meaning of the body is defined as the ability of the human body, in its masculinity or femininity, to express and realize our call to a communion of persons through self-giving love. Fr. O’Flaherty lives out the spousal meaning of the body by giving himself to the Allied soldiers. The priesthood calls priests to serve the people and to try and live like Jesus did. Fr. O’Flaherty lives out this call in a greater way than most priests would. In his masculinity he is able to take matters into his own hands and protect as many people as possible. Fr. O’Flaherty was a real father figure to many people in the film and also many people who were not shown in the film. He was a prominent father figure to Francesca and her daughters because, much like a father, he was concerned for their well-being and watched out for them. Fr. O’Flaherty was also known for personally taking care of children whose parent had been killed in the war. So he was very much so a father figure to all people he encountered. Priesthood is solely as masculine call because of the very fact that priests are called to be like Jesus. Jesus was a very strong leader so the people left to be priests must be strong and masculine too. Priests are also called to live â€Å"in persona Christi. † This literally means â€Å"in the person of Christ,† and it is the act through which a priest pronounces the words of the sacramental rite. Men must do this through Jesus, so it would not be possible for a woman to become Jesus. Women marry Jesus when they become nuns, but priests marry the church, which is considered, as a whole, to be feminine. Overall I think this movie was very good in demonstrating how the church has had an affect on the world throughout history. They do not simply just sit back and pray for things to turn out right, but some members of the church (aka Fr. O’Flaherty) took action. Fr. O’Flaherty is not a prototypical hero, but I think almost every priest would want to live the type of life he did.

In what way is cultural and national identity a major concern in this extract Essay Example for Free

In what way is cultural and national identity a major concern in this extract Essay The extract makes constant references to cultural and national identity through the style of the text, the imagery of the clothing and appearances of people. There is also indication to context through the beliefs of people in the places that Jonathan visits and their rejection towards him. Bram Stoker uses this cultural and national identity to contrast the one of that Jonathan possesses. Throughout the text, there is extensive description on the appearances of the people and sometimes architecture of the differences places the protagonist visits, depicting the differences of culture and national identity. They wore high boots, with their trousers tucked into them, and had long black hair and heavy black moustaches very picturesque, but do not look prepossessing. † These descriptions give clues to their context and when the appearance shifts rapidly, there is a clear understanding that the protagonist is travelling to new places quickly. This travelling is another clue to his context, with the existence of travel writing and trains. The culture and national identity of the different places that Jonathan travels to is an indication that he is no longer in his modern society but travelling deeper and deeper into a culture that almost lives in the past. This is shown by the imagery of the people in the different towns, â€Å" with short jackets, and round hats, and home-made trousers. † These people are highly superstitious and this is conveyed by the landlady’s concern for Jonathan as he is leaving on the 4th of May. In her culture, there is superstition upon the next day as it believed to be the day where â€Å"all the evil things in the world will have full sway†. The crucifix and rosary are symbols of her culture and nationality and are used to wear away the abhuman. This â€Å"old† way of life seems almost primitive and uncivilised compared to the â€Å"new† modern context that Jonathan comes from. As he travels from the West to the East, there is contrast between the clothing that they wear and also the beliefs within the people. Jonathan clearly comes from a more technologically and academically advanced society and this is shown through the epistolary form of the text which can be identified from the dates and locations stated prior every entry and the recount-like narration style. The train in Jonathan’s world is contrasted with the horse and carriage in the less advanced world he has travelled to. â€Å"[He] cracked his big whip over his four small horses, which ran abreast, and we set off on our journey. The late-Victorian context, anti-modernism and anti-rationalism is reflected in the locations Jonathan travels to. It is especially obvious when he passes groups of people and they call him names such as â€Å"â€Å"Ordog† Satan, â€Å"Pokol† – hell, â€Å"stegoica† – witch†Ã¢â‚¬ . The people of the town show a rejection towards Jonathan as his modernity clearly does not belong in their society. They criticise him as a notion to criticise his modern kind for the abnormal behaviours of their world and the beings that possess these characteristics, the abhuman. Although there are differences in the nationalities, the identification of the abhuman in this area is uniform – â€Å"â€Å"vrolok† and â€Å"vlkoslak† – both mean the same thing, one being Slovak and the other Servian for something that is either werewolf or vampire. † This again depicts the large amounts of superstition and rejection towards science which is then contrasted with the rationality of Jonathan. The Eastern towns that Jonathan travels to are seemingly ‘abhuman’ as they believe in strange superstitions and do not believe in modernity and change. They are relatively primitive and do not embrace modern technology such as trains. This behaviour gives the reader that sense of abnormality and the abhuman as they see things through first person narration trough Jonathan’s point of view. Summarily, Stoker has used an epistolary style and other features to convey Jonathan’s context which is then contrasted with the descriptions of the unfamiliar locations that he travels to. This strange superstitious behaviour is used to contrast between the civilised and uncivilised, progressive and regressive, human and abhuman.

Proactive and Reactive MANET Protocols Analysis

Proactive and Reactive MANET Protocols Analysis Ad hoc network Abstract A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is consisting of wireless mobile nodes. The communication of these mobile nodes is carried out without any centralized control. Routing is a critical issue in MANET. The focus of this thesis is on the performance of routing protocols. We compare three routing protocols in MANET i.e. AODV, DSR and OLSR. OPNET is the simulation tool. These routing protocols performance are analyzed by three important metrics: delay, network load and throughput. All the three routing protocols are explained in a deep way with metrics. The comparison analysis will be carrying out about these protocols and in the last the conclusion will be present. That which routing protocol is the best for mobile ad hoc network. Introduction MANET stands for Mobile Ad hoc Network. A decentralized autonomous wireless system which consists of free nodes. MANET sometimes called mobile mesh network. MANET is a self configurable wireless network. A MANET consists of mobile nodes, a router with multiple hosts and wireless communication devices. The wireless communication devices are as transmitters, receivers and antennas. These antennas can be of any kind. These nodes can be fixed or mobile. The term node referred to as, which are free to move arbitrarily in every direction. These nodes can be a mobile phone, laptop, personal digital assistance, MP3 player and personal computer. These nodes located, might be in cars, ships, airplanes or with people having small electronic devices [59]. Nodes can connect to each other randomly and forming arbitrary topologies. Nodes communicate to each other and also forward packets to neighbor nodes as a router. The ability of self configuration of these nodes makes them more suitable for urg ently required network connection. For example in disaster hit areas where there is no communication infrastructure. It is greatly desired to have a quick communication infrastructure. MANET is the quick remedy for any disaster situation. The word Ad hoc means For a special purpose. So MANET a spontaneous network is useful when dealing with wireless devices in which some of the devices are part of the network only for the duration of a communication session and the need for a dynamic network topology is prominent. The MANET working group (WG) within the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) working specifically on developing IP routing protocols topologies. In order to improve mobile routing and interface definition standards for use within the Internet protocol suite [59]. After huge research work on MANET, still MANET does not have complete formed Internet based standards. The identification of experimental Request For Comments (RFCs) since 2003 [1] is used. In these RFCs the questions are unanswered concerning of implementation or deployment of these routing protocols. But these proposed algorithms are identified as a trial technology and there is a high chance that they will develop into a standard [1]. Extensive research work in this area has continued since then with major studies on different routing protocols such as Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Temporarily Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) [1]. Also on the standardization of routing and interface solutions for mobile networking support through Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Mobile Ad hoc network (MANET) Working Group WG [59]. Aims and Objectives There are two groups of routing protocols. Proactive MANET protocol, Reactive MANET Protocol, and the third are derived from both called Hybrid MANET Protocol. The Proactive MANET protocol is generally called table driven protocol. It detects the network layout periodically. It tries to maintain the routing table at every node. From which a route to the destination from the source can be detected with less delay. Proactive MANET protocols provide good reliability and low latency for deciding a route. Proactive MANET protocol is not suitable for the node moving with high speed. The routing information in the routing table cannot be updated in the routing table. If a node is not moving, then its routing table information is updated continuously. It makes much traffic overhead and also waste network resources as bandwidth [21]. Proactive MANET protocol is also not suitable for large scale MANETs. Whereas Reactive MANET Protocol is called on-demand routing protocol. Reactive MANET Protocol finds the route when a source node requests to communicate with the other. On-demand approach is suitable for the nodes with high mobility. Nodes that transmit data rarely. The main drawback of reactive routing protocols is that the source node broadcasts the routing requests in the whole network. Then it waits for the responses. This route discovery procedure produces significant delay [21]. Hybrid MANET Protocol integrates the merits of Proactive MANET protocol and Reactive MANET Protocol. Zone routing protocol (ZRP) and two zone routing protocols is the example of hybrid of MANET protocol. Research Question Our goal in this Masters thesis is to evaluate the performance of Proactive and Reactive MANET protocols. These protocols have different behaviors for wireless routing aspects. The main problem is to choice the correct and efficient routing protocol for MANET. The main questions arise for the evaluation of these problems. First question is which routing protocol provides a better performance in Mobile Ad hoc Networks? This will give the overall performance of each routing protocol. Second question is what factors influence the performance of these routing protocols? Finally we address the main key differences in these routing protocols. To answer all these questions, we will model some of MANET scenarios with different parameters. To evaluate the performance of Proactive MANET protocol and Reactive MANET Protocols as, AODV, DSR and OLSR with respect to some parameters as delay, network load and throughput. In simulating these scenarios we come to know that no single routing protocol among Proactive MANET protocol and Reactive MANET Protocol is superior in terms of overall network performance. For example one protocol is good in average delay while other is best in network load and throughput. The performance of these routing protocols greatly depends on network load and delay. So the best protocol can give low delay and high throughput. Scope of the thesis As we know the two categories of routing protocols. Reactive, proactive, and the derived one from reactive and proactive protocols are referred to as hybrid routing protocol. The hybrid protocol is a combination of both reactive and proactive routing protocols. In this thesis, we considered three routing protocols. Two of them are reactive protocols i.e. AODV and DSR. One of them is proactive protocol i.e. OLSR. In this thesis we evaluate the behavior of these routing protocols when implemented in the network. We look that how these protocols affect the network performance, and how the routing protocols behave in these networks. There is no need to go in depth the design of these routing protocol algorithms. But we will give a detailed explanation of these routing protocols. That we are able to explain their effects on the network. We did not consider the effects of varying pause time of the mobile nodes in our simulations. These pause time will be kept constant in all the scenarios. Energy consumption of the routing protocol algorithms was also not considered in the thesis. Thesis structure The thesis is mainly divided into six chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the topic. In this chapter we discuss the MANET with detail, and also the research question. Chapter 2 presents the background of our work. Types of wireless networks and some part of related work with example. Chapter 3 gives the state of the art. It gives the full theoretical background and concepts of the ad hoc mobile network routing protocols i.e. reactive MANET protocols and proactive MANET protocols. Chapter 4 is about the performance metrics: delay, network load and throughput and also about the simulation tool OPNET Modeler 14.5. Chapter 5 gives the results and an analysis of all the routing protocols simulated. In chapter 6, the conclusion and future work is presented. Chapter 2 Background and Related Work In this chapter we present the background of our work. Types of wireless networks and some part of related work with example. MANET have a dynamic nature, a large number of applications make them ideal to use. Quick deployment and minimal configuration of MANET in emergencies such as natural disaster makes them more suitable. The growth of technology makes increase in Wi-Fi capable laptops, mobile phones, MP3 players and other small portable devices. Hence a reason for MANET popularity. Extensive research work has been done on the performance evaluation of routing protocols using NS2 network simulator. Different methods and simulation environments give different results for MANET routing protocols performance. We need to look in a broader view for the effects of these routing protocols which are not considered in a specific environment. The theme of this project is to evaluate the performance of Proactive MANET protocols (PMP) and Reactive MANET Protocols (RMP) in OPNET Modeler 14.5 under varying network load [2]. For all these comparisons we will use FTP traffic to look the effects of the ad hoc network protocols. The project goal is to give an extra source of comparison statistics in the research field. In our simulation we have wireless routing protocols carrying FTP traffic. These simulations performed will have a strong link with the theoretical concepts and also with the expected performance in practical implementations. This study work will give a great benef it in the future research work. Related work Extensive research works has been done in the field of MANET routing protocols. Different routing protocols were simulated in different kind of simulators. Here we will discuss different research papers on the performance of MANET routing protocols. In this thesis work we simulate three MANET routing protocols in the OPNET modeler 14.5. AODV, DSR and OLSR were simulated against three different parameters i.e. delay, network load and throughput. The results show that OLSR is best in network delay than AODV and DSR. The protocols best in the network delay must be the finest in the network throughput. Below we will study now different simulators with different routing protocols and their performance. These routing protocols DSDV, AODV, DSR and TORA were simulated using NS2 [3]. Analysis gives different results for every parameter differently. In finding shortest path between the source and destination nodes, delay, DSDV performs well than AODV, DSR and TORA. DSR perform well in network load balancing than DSDV, AODV and TORA. DSDV has good jitter than AODV, TORA and DSR respectively. The results given in [5] analyse DSR and DSDV in idealized and realistic simulation environments on their performance. Another paper in reference [4] gives conclusion in mobile ad hoc network that reactive protocols i.e. AODV and DSR perform well when the network load is moderate. In reference [4] the reactive protocols are saving much resource like energy. It analyse that the proactive protocols perform well in heavy network traffic load. In [6] there are different conclusions about the MANET routing protocols. DSDV, AODV and DSR were simulated in NS2. The reactive protocol AODV outperforms than DSDV and DSR in maintaining connection by sequentially exchange of information for TCP based traffic. The packets are delivered when the node mobility is low and failed to deliver at high mobility. DSR perform well than DSDV at all mobility. In [6] DSR perform well than DSDV and AODV for packet dropping rate (PDR), delay and throughput. DSR generates less network load than AODV. In reference [7], the simulation was done in QUALNET simulator. The author wrote that AODV shows best performance in low and medium node density. Where as in high node density both OLSR and DSR outperforms. The author wrote in [7], that DSR is selected for file transfers where delivery and throughput are critical factors. OLSR performs well in both low and high node density. It is stated in [7] that OLSR is best suited in application oriented traffic e.g. streaming traffic, voice and video traffic. In application based traffic delay is a critical factor. Types of Wireless Networks Before we discuss the wireless networks types, a small difference between wired and wireless network is discussed. A network that sends data from one point to another point with cable or wire is called wired network. The data sent over a network which uses wireless medium from one device to another device is called wireless network. In wireless network data is transmitted from one point to another through wireless links. For communication the devices have to be in the transmission or radio range of each other. Wireless networks are divided into two main groups. First infrastructure wireless network and second is Ad hoc or infrastructure-less network. Infrastructure Networks Fixed network topology is deployed in infrastructure network. These deployed, fixed networks have base stations or access points from which wireless nodes can get connected. All the base stations or access points are connected with the main network through wired links (fiber optic, twisted or coaxial cable) or wireless link. The base station or access point is one of the important units of infrastructure networks. All of the connections will have to pass from the access point. A wireless node can connect to anyone of the access points in its range. Ad hoc Networks An Ad hoc network is deployed where wireless network infrastructure is not available. This kind of ad hoc network is called infrastructure less network. In ad hoc network each node is connected through wireless links. These nodes connected to each other and also act as a router, by forwarding data to other nodes. There is no restriction on these nodes to join or leave the network. Thus the network has no vital infrastructure. Ad hoc networks have two forms; one is static ad hoc networks (SANET), the other is called mobile ad hoc network (MANET). Commercial implementation of ad hoc network becomes possible due to the development of new technology such as 802.11 [5]. The main reason to deploy this kind of network is the flexibility and easiness of deployment. A suitable network for emergency and surveillance use. But with all these qualities, ad hoc network operation is very difficult to handle. Each and every node is responsible for its operation to maintain its routing table and also forwarding packets to its neighbors as routers. MANET has different topology changes while deployed. So ad hoc network need an efficient routing protocol. To construct an efficient routing protocol is a tough and tedious task. Mobile Ad hoc Networks As mentioned before an ad hoc network is a wireless network, which do not have a centralized and fixed infrastructure. MANET is referred to a wireless ad hoc network. In which nodes are free to move arbitrarily. In a MANET, mobile nodes transmit and receive the traffic. Also mobile nodes can act like routers by forwarding the neighbors traffic to the destination. As the routers are mostly multi hops [60]. MANET does not need base stations of wired infrastructure. The mobile nodes in wireless network range can communicate with each other. MANET is self organized network. The mobile nodes form a network automatically without a fixed infrastructure and central management [60]. The mobile nodes have transmitters and receivers with smart antennas, which enable the mobile nodes to communicate with other mobile nodes in the network. The topology of the network change every time by getting in and out of the mobile nodes in the network. In the beginning MANET was designed for military use but now the MANET is used in many areas. Such as in disaster hit areas, data collection in some region, in rescue missions, virtual classes and conferences [60]. This concept with ad hoc network makes the full name of mobile ad hoc network (MANET). By growing the network, combined with the node mobility. The challenges of self configuration of the network become more evident. Security in the MANET is a very important issue. Many techniques were defined for the security of MANET. Intrusion detection technique is investigated in reference [60]. Mobile nodes in the network waste much energy by joining in and out with connection to wireless network. This connection and reconnection create energy limitation in the network. The main purpose of developing the ad hoc routing protocols to cope with the dynamic nature of MANET. The routing protocols efficiency can be determined by the battery power consumption. Energy is consumed during participation of a node in a network and also in routing of traffic. The routing protocol which adapts to the connection tearing and mending is also considered vital. Such routing protocols are AODV, DSR and OLSR, TORA, Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP), Zone Routing Protocol, and Two-Zone Routing Protocol (TZRP) [21]. We will discuss reactive and proactive routing protocols i.e. AODV, DSR and OLSR in chapter 3 respectively. The internet engineering task force (IETF) MANET working group (WG) was dedicated to standardize the routing protocols in MANET. RFC 2501 specifies the charter of the working group [8]. An Example of MANET Application The versatility and self configuration of MANET makes them a best choice for a wide range of applications. MANET can be used in natural disaster areas, pre planed strategic event like surveillance, data collecting in some regions, conferences and virtual classes. In such areas where the fixed infrastructure is not available before. Like earthquake hit areas where the fixed infrastructure has been destroyed, in flooded areas, fire or explosion hit areas, train or air plane crash [21]. A very common use of MANET is during business conferences. The only and key attribute that make MANET ideal is their self configuration and low cost of deployment. Here we will present one practical example. In a virtual class, a WiMAX radio link may be established. Then a MANET access network can be established to give coverage to those areas that is difficult to cover. The nodes far away from the base station rely on midway nodes for communication. Thus provide a best communication network in such hostile situation. Above in figure 1, a deployed MANET over WiMAX backbone is shown. In this figure the mobile nodes and the WiMAX_WLAN Router form a MANET. These nodes are connected to the WiMAX_WLAN router and the router is further connected to the WiMAX network. The router is working like a boundary between the MANET and the WiMAX. The WiMAX_WLAN router is capable of translation between the MANET protocols and the WiMAX network protocols, and also the backbone protocols the WiMAX is connected with. The figure 1 is shown above. Chapter 3 Ad hoc Networks Routing Protocols The theoretical concepts of ad hoc routing protocols are discussed in this chapter. The behaviors of proactive and reactive routing protocols will be analyzed. Routing Routing means to choose a path. Routing in MANET means to choose a right and suitable path to the destination from the source. Routing terminology is used in different kinds of networks. In telephony technology, electronic data networks and in the internet network, the term routing is used. Here we are more concern about routing in mobile ad hoc networks. Routing protocols in mobile ad hoc network means that the mobile nodes will search for a route or path to connect to each other and share the data packets. Protocols are the set of rules through which two or more devices (mobile nodes, computers or electronic device) can communicate to each other. In mobile ad hoc networks the routing is mostly done with the help of routing tables. These tables are kept in the memory cache of these mobile nodes. When routing process is going on, it route the data packets in different mechanisms. The first is unicast, in which the source directly sends the data packets to the destination. The second is broadcast; it means the source node sends messages to all the near and far nodes in the network. The third is anycast, in this the source node sends data packet to anyone which is not in the node group. Routing types Routing has two basic types, which are as under Static Routing Dynamic Routing Static routing is done by the administrator manually to forward the data packets in the network. Static routing is permanent. No any administrator can change this setting [29]. These static routers are configured by the administrator, which means there is no need to make routing tables by the router. Dynamic Routing is automatically done by the choice of router. It can route the traffic on any route depend on the routing table. Dynamic routing allows the routers to know about the networks and the interesting thing is to add this information in their routing tables. This is shown in the figure 3.1 below. In dynamic routing the routers exchange the routing information if there is some change in the topology [61]. Exchanging information between these dynamic routers learn to know about the new routes and networks. Dynamic routing is more flexible than static routing. In dynamic routing it have the capability to overcome the overload traffic. Dynamic routing uses different paths to forward the data packets. Dynamic routing is better than static routing. Routing protocols There are several kinds of routing protocols for wireless ad hoc networks. These routing protocols are categorized as reactive or proactive routing protocols [8]. The ad hoc routing protocols which have both proactive and reactive merits, is called hybrid routing protocols. The first kind of protocol is proactive or table driven routing protocol. The second kind of protocol is called reactive or on-demand routing protocol. The first kind of protocol is simply called Proactive MANET Protocol (PMP). Proactive routing protocol detects the layout of the network actively. A routing table can be maintained at every node. From which a route can be determined with less delay. The proactive routing protocols provide good reliability on the current network topology [21] and low latency for deciding a route. The OLSR is a proactive routing protocol. The second kind of protocol is simply called Reactive MANET Protocol (RMP). In these kinds of protocols the communication is only possible when the source node requests to communicate with the other node. Reactive MANET Protocols are mostly suited for nodes with high mobility or nodes that transmit data rarely. There are some reactive routing protocols which we will consider here. These reactive routing protocols include AODV, DSR and TORA. An ad hoc routing protocol is a standard. That controls the decision of the nodes that which route the nodes have to take to the destination from the source node. When a node wants to join a network, it discovers the topology by announcing its presence, and listening to broadcasts from other nodes in the network. This routing discovery is performed differently according to the routing protocol algorithm implemented in the network. Proactive Routing Protocols The routing information about all the nodes is build and maintained by the proactive protocols. The proactive routing protocols are independent of whether or not the route is needed [62]. Control messages are transmitted with periodically intervals. Even if there is no data flow still control messages are transmitted. Because of these control messages proactive routing protocols are not bandwidth efficient. There are many advantages and disadvantages of proactive routing protocols. One of its advantages is that the nodes can easily get routing information, and it easily starts a session. The disadvantages are, too much data kept by the nodes for route maintenance, when there is a particular link failure its reform is too slow. OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) It is a proactive routing protocol in MANET. It is also called as table driven protocol because it permanently stores and updates its routing table. OLSR keeps track of routing table in order to provide a route if needed. OLSR can be implemented in any ad hoc network. Due to its nature OLSR is called as proactive routing protocol. MPR nodes are shown in the given figure 3.2. All nodes in the network do not broadcast the route packets. Just Multipoint Relay (MPR) nodes broadcast route packets. These MPR nodes can be selected in the neighbor of source node. Each node in the network keeps a list of MPR nodes. This MPR selector is obtained from HELLO packets sending between in neighbor nodes. These routes are built before any source node intends to send to a specified destination. Each and every node in the network keeps a routing table. This is the reason the routing overhead for OLSR is minimum than other reactive routing protocols and it provide a shortest route to the destination in the network. There is no need to build the new routes, as the existing in use route does not increase enough routing overhead. It reduces the route discovery delay. Nodes in the network send HELLO messages to their neighbors. These messages are sent at a predetermined interval in OLSR to determine the link status. Here we can understand this by Figure 3.3. If node A and node B are neighbors, node A sends HELLO message to B node. If B node receives this message, we can say the link is asymmetric. If now B node sends the same HELLO message to A node. This is the same as first case, called asymmetric link. Now if the two way communication is possible then we can call it symmetric link, as shown in Figure 3.3. The HELLO messages contain all the neighbor information. This enables the mobile node to have a table in which it has information about all its multiple hop neighbors. A node chooses minimal number of MPR nodes, when symmetric connections are made. It broadcast TC messages with information about link status at predetermined TC interval [62]. TC messages also calculate the routing tables. In TC messages MPR node information are also included. Reactive Routing Protocols Reactive routing protocols are called on-demand routing protocols. These routing protocols are called when they are required. So the routes are built when they are needed. These routes can be acquired by sending route requests through the network. Disadvantage of this algorithm is that it offers high latency in searching a network. We will consider AODV and DSR in this report. But the analysis will be of AODV and DSR in the fifth chapter. AODV (Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector) AODV is an on-demand routing protocol. The AODV algorithm gives an easy way to get change in the link situation. For example if a link fails notifications are sent only to the affected nodes in the network. This notification cancels all the routes through this affected node. It builds unicast routes from source to the destination. The network usage is least. Since the routes are build on demand so the network traffic is minimum. AODV not allowing keeping extra routing which is not in use [63]. Two nodes wish to establish a connection in an ad hoc network. AODV is responsible to enable them to build a multihop route. AODV is loop free. AODV uses Destination Sequence Numbers (DSN) to avoid counting to infinity. This is the characteristic of this algorithm. When a node send request to a destination, it sends its DSNs together with all routing information. It also selects the most favorable route based on the sequence number [11]. There are three AODV messages. One is Route Request (RREQs), Route Replies (RREPs), and Route Errors (RERRs) [1]. By using UDP packets, the sources to destination routes are discovered and maintain by these messages. For example the node which request, will use its IP address as Originator IP address for the message for broadcast. It simply means that the AODV not blindly forwarded every message. The number of hops of routing messages in ad hoc network is determined by Time-To-Live (TTL) in the IP header. When the source node wants to create a new route to the destination, the requesting node broadcast an RREQ message in the network. In the figure 3.4 the RREQ message is broadcasted from source node A to the destination node B. The RREQ message is shown by the black line from source node A to many directions. The source node A broadcast the RREQ message in the neighbor nodes. When the neighbor nodes receive the RREQ message it creates a reverse route to the source node A. This neighbor node is the next hop to the source node A. The hop count of the RREQ is incremented by one. The neighbor node will check if it has an active route to the destination or not. If it has a route so it will forward a RREP to the source node A. If it does not have an active route to the destination it will broadcast the RREQ message in the network again with an incremented hop count value. The figure 3.4 shows the procedure for finding the destination node B. The RREQ message is flooded in the network in sea rching for finding the destination node B. The intermediate nodes can reply to the RREQ message only if they have the destination sequence number (DSN) equal to or greater than the number contained in the packet header of RREQ. The intermediate nodes forward the RREQ message to the neighbor nodes and record it in their routing table. The addresses of the neighbor nodes from which it get the RREQ message. This information will be used to make a reverse path for RREP message from the destination node. When the message reach to the destination node. It calculates the shortest path to the source. In the figure 3.4 it is shown. The destination node B replies with RREP message denoted by the dotted orange color line. From node A to node B the shortest path is the lower one shown with dotted line. These nodes routes information were saved in the routing tables and were used to build a reverse route from destination to the source node with the message RREP. The request reach to the destinat ion and then RREP has reached to the originator of the request. This route is only available by unicasting a RREP back to the source. The nodes receiving these messages are cached from originator of the RREQ to all the nodes. When a link is failed an RERR message is generated. RERR message contains information about nodes that are not reachable. The IP addresses of all the nodes which are as their next hop to the destination. All the routing information about the network is stored in the table. The routing table have these route entries; (i) destination IP address, (ii) Destination Sequence Number (DSN), (iii) Valid Destination Sequence Number flag (iv) other state and routing flags (e.g., valid, invalid, repairable being repaired) (v) network interface (vi) hop count (number of hops needed to reach destination) (vii) next hop (viii) the list of precursors and lifetime (Expiration time of the route). DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) Dynamic Source Routing Protocol is a reactive routing protocol. DSR is on demand routing protocol. It is a source routing protocol. It is a simple and efficient protocol. It can be used in multi hop wireless ad hoc networks [64].

Early Egyptian Religious Beliefs and Akhenaten?s Reforms Essay

Early Egyptian Religious Beliefs and Akhenaten’s Reforms During the New Kingdom of Egypt (from 1552 through 1069 B.C.), there came a sweeping change in the religious structure of the ancient Egyptian civilization. "The Hymn to the Aten" was created by Amenhotep IV, who ruled from 1369 to 1353 B.C., and began a move toward a monotheist culture instead of the polytheist religion which Egypt had experienced for the many hundreds of years prior to the introduction of this new idea. There was much that was different from the old views in "The Hymn to the Aten", and it offered a new outlook on the Egyptian ways of life by providing a complete break with the traditions which Egypt held to with great respect. Yet at the same time, there were many commonalties between these new ideas and the old views of the Egyptian world. Although through the duration of his reign, Amenhotep IV introduced a great many changes to the Egyptian religion along with "The Hymn", none of these reforms outlived their creator, mostly due to the massive forces placed on his successor, Tutankhamen, to renounce these new reforms. However, the significance of Amenhotep IV, or Akhenaten as he later changed his name to, is found in "The Hymn". "The Hymn" itself can be looked at as a contradiction of ideas; it must be looked at in relation to both the Old Kingdom's belief of steadfast and static values, as well as in regards to the changes of the Middle Kingdom, which saw unprecedented expansionistic and individualistic oriented reforms. In this paper I plan to discuss the evolvement of Egyptian Religious Beliefs throughout the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms and analyze why Amenhotep IV may have brought about such religious reforms. The Old Kingdom of Egypt (from 2700 to 2200 B.C.), saw the commencement of many of the rigid, formal beliefs of the Egyptian civilization, both in regards to their religious and political beliefs, as they were very closely intertwined. "... There was a determined attempt to impose order on the multitude of gods and religious beliefs that had existed since predynastic times... and the sun-god Re became the supreme royal god, with the ki... ...oyal couple changed their names to Tutankhamen, demonstrating their renewed allegiance to Amen-Re. The king restored the old temples of the many gods, and reinstated the priesthoods" (David 158). The reforms, which Akhenaten brought to return the power once held by the Pharaoh in the Old Kingdom, were unable to be understood. The people who Akhenaten had to ensure comprehension of his reasoning did not, for they no longer were connected to the old order which he was trying to reestablish. Bibliography Aldred, Cyril. Akhenaten - King of Egypt. London: Thames and Hudson, 1998. Casson, Lionel. Ancient Egypt. New York: Time Inc, 1965. David, Rosalie. Discovering Ancient Egypt. New York: Facts on File, 1993. Hawkes, Jacquetta. Pharaohs of Egypt. New York: American Heritage Publishing, 1965. Matthews, Roy T., and F. Dewitt Platt. Readings in the Western Humanities. Third Edition. Mountain View: Mayfield Publishing, 1992 Montet, Pierre. Lives of the Pharaohs. Cleveland: World Publishing Company, 1968. Redford, Donald. Akhenaten - The Heretic King. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984. Strouhal, Eugen. Life of the Ancient Egyptians. London: Opus Publishing, 1992.

gender roles inherent or socialized? Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The belief that gender roles are inherently biological is a cultural fallacy, which can lead to an inability to effectively communicate when we do not assess each individual’s personality. Research of this topic is necessary in order to learn how to completely understand how to communicate. When trying to communicate with an individual there are more variables than simply gender that need to be assessed. However, there are many ways that society implies that this is not necessary. Our society has been taught that gender roles are inherent, biological and behavioral characteristics. This belief is perpetuated through mass media, toys, clothing trends, advertisements, architecture, food and virtually everything else around us. This process begins at birth and continues through adulthood. These gender roles that society has set before us before us can be demeaning and create obstacles as well. At this point, it is necessary to define the terms sex and gender as they will be used. The book ‘Sex and Gender Differences in Personal Relationships’ defines sex as â€Å"the biological distinctions between men and women,† and gender as â€Å"the social, psychological and cultural differentiations between men and women (Canary and Emmers- Sommer p.6).†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is one of the important factors to address because it proves the point that while there are obviously differences between men and women, everyone of the same sex cannot be specifi...

Comparing Ulysses and American Beauty :: comparison compare contrast essays

Ulysses and American Beauty      Ã‚   In the "Nausicaa" chapter of James Joyce's Ulysses, a virginal exhibitionist, Gerty McDowell, flashes her "knickers. . .the wondrous revealment, half-offered like those skirt-dancers" at Leopold Bloom, igniting his sexual fireworks on a beach in Dublin (366). In a film set almost 100 years later in an American suburb, another virginal seductress flips her dance skirt, giving admirers a peek at her panties, and inspires Bloom's modern incarnation, Lester Burnham, into a similar burst of auto-eroticism.    The "metempsychosis" of Leopold Bloom into Lester Burnham isn't the only astonishing similarity between Ulysses and American Beauty. When screenwriter Alan Ball accepted the 2000 Golden Globe and Academy Awards for his screenplay of American Beauty, he owed a substantial debt--albeit universally unnoticed and, as he claimed in a telephone interview, "unintended"--to Joyce's masterpiece, the book chosen just months earlier by the Modern Library editorial board as the "best novel" of the Twentieth Century.    Yes, the ending of American Beauty represents a major departure from the plot of Joyce's novel--but an explicable one in a modern update of the Ulysses saga. Late twentieth-century audiences, who have become desensitized to escalating media violence over the past 100 years and have, in fact, developed an appetite for gore, require a bloody resolution. Despite the ending, we are left with striking reincarnations of Irish urbanites into suburban American personalities.    Consider other parallels: heroes Leopold Bloom and Lester Burnham (same initials, LB) are both middle-aged, middle-class, mediocre, unappreciated admen (Lester describes himself as "a whore for the advertising industry"[49], neither of whom has had sex with their wives in years . Ultimately both Bloom and Lester yearn to regain the past unity and warmth of their homes.    Bloom muses, "I was happier then" and fantasizes he could "somehow reappear reborn" to his marriage bed with wife Molly (728) while Lester tells us, "That's my wife Carolyn. . . . We used to be happy" and vows, "It's never too late to get it back" (2, 5). Both also feel displaced by a growing estrangement from their teenage daughters: Bloom's surviving child, Milly, and Lester's only child, Jane.    To compensate for their non-existent sex lives, both Leopold and Lester turn first to solo sex in the bath (or in Lester's case, the shower) and both enjoy adulterous, guilty dreams of unorthodox sexual practices, often accompanied by flower imagery.

Indebtedness

Indebtedness Today one can say it is near impossible to succeed without an education past the high school level. With universities knowing this the cost of attendance has raised drastically. Some may argue that taking out loans is well worth the long time debt that comes with it. Others may say loans are not something they would recommend and would rather pay out of pocket. Wells Fargo, Bank of America, and US Bank(who is one of the only banks award scholarships based of random picks) are just a few from of list of the top financial institutions to provide aid to students in America.Bank of America has implemented another company called Monster. They run a program that goes cross country to over 200 campuses and teach them about how to manage money and budget for necessities. This includes credit cards and other loans from Bank of America. This program is free to any student who wants the general knowledge and Dennis Morey states that â€Å"Bank of America is committed to students a nd their long term success†. Wells Fargo offers multiple pay back options and even allows students to have a cosigner just in case something isn’t working for them.They offer call centers and help lines that provide you with plans on paying back loans and also encourage you that loans are not bad and could be stepping stones to a better future. Institutions such as Chase try to help ones financial situation by only allowing them the amount of tuition minus other aid. This insures that no one student has accepted a bigger responsibility than can be handled. This keeps the amount of debt that they could have down to a more controllable amount.They also exercise payback right away plans. This keeps a student from having such a heavy burden once they are finished with school and have moved on to a life after studies. SunTrust bank takes a different approach. Through the process of getting a student loan they take you through the necessary steps of seeing if you qualify for any scholarships and grant money this helps reduce the initial amount of money needed to attend a college our university.After that they check to see if you qualify for federal loans that may not have any interest. This helps students in the long run because what they borrow is what they have to pay back nothing more is added on. Sources http://www. suntrusteducation. com/PayingForCollege/Students/UnderGraduate. html http://www. chasestudentloans. com/ https://www. wellsfargo. com/student/ http://newsroom. bankofamerica. com/press-release/consumer-banking/monster-and-bank-america-promote-smart-money-management-skills-among-