Discuss sex differences in parental investment

Trivers suggests that p atomic number 18ntal enthronisation differs because of the sex differences that exist surrounded by males and females. From the outset of p atomic number 18nthood, females make a greater biological invest workforcet accordingly males. Notably, females reproductive system is more than precious as they produce very few eggs whilst males produce a large military issue ofcom/exercise-43/ sperm. This suggests that the biological aspect of conceiving a child is much more costly for females hence their greater parental investment. As a result of this, females have to be much chooser in their selection of a male as they do not want to waste their eggs.It is not rightful(prenominal) a large prenatal investment that females make but it is also much larger postnatal investment. Due to the immaturity of human babies at birth compared to other mammals, thither is an extended period of childcare featuring breastfeeding. Males are unable to breastfeed as thus the fema les role is much more dominant and explains wherefore they have high levels of investment at this stage and why she may seek a man with good genes and commitment to the relationship. This supports Busss cocker cultural findings that women value material resources in potential partners, whereas males, who make less parental investment, have multiple matings with young females.This greater investment of females can be further explained by parental certainty. Females paternity can be certain as the pregnancy is happening internally. However, males cannot be as certain that the child is theirs. For this reason, it is suggested that males protect themselves from the rick of cuckoldry by being reluctant to invest heavily in offspring.Sexual infidelity is not just a risk for males investing in offspring that is not genetically theirs but it is also a risk for females. This is because if a male carries out inner infidelity, they bear a child with another woman and the male will invest in that offspring, diverting his resources away from the original relationship. This explains why males are more jealous of the sexual act and females are more jealous in the shift of emotional focus. Buss et al support the differences in jealously between males and females, as he found that males showed more distress for the sexual element whereas females showed more distress for the emotional element.As a result of sex differences in parental investment, some women may choose to use cuckoldry as a method of obtaining more resources from multiple men and thus decrease own individualised investment. However, this method carries great risk for the female as this could lead to abandonment or retention strategies such as violence.Parental investment surmisal suggests that men dont want to father children that arent theirs as they will use up all their resources. Anderson found that this wasnt the case. They found that fathers and stepfathers did not eliminate between children who were biological and those who were their partners children.Parental investment models have been critiqued for lacking relevance to real life and modern society because now females and males some(prenominal) work hard to attend to children and do house chores. It is a shared responsibility and investment. This means this idea is outdated.The theory also supports gender stereotyping as males are seen to be evolutionally programmed to be promiscuous. Not all males act in this manner, especially in extreme religious groups where sec is not practised before marriage.Trivers theory also tells us little about homosexual relationships which are not reproductive. It assumed we are all a product of our genes in pursuit of genteelness these, which is a de shapeinist viewpoint.The theory is also very nature and evolutionary based. Trivers theory assumes sexual attraction is all about babies and ignores it can be for amusement rather than reproduction, highlighted by the wide use of contraception . Not all mating is long term and women do also engage in short term relationships such as one night stands and affairs. Therefore, his theory is oversimplified, animalistic, and deterministic and suffers from evolutionary reductionism.In conclusion, a physiological approach can better explained to show the contrastive parental investments. Geher et al found that males showed a greater AMS arousal when presented with scenarios that showed the real costs of parenting. This is a consistent with the theory of parental investment as males are found to be less prepared than females for dealing with parental issues.