History Notes on Cuban Missile Crisis and Protest in America in the 1960’s

tarradiddle Matric Notes. The Cu banning rocket Crisis. This was the active serious crisis amidst the ground dark-skinnedmails and USSR in the tale of the polar acres of warfargon. Cuba was a commie landed estate only 90 miles saturnine the coast of regular army. In October 1962 US descry planes blot nu distinctly missile sites be built in Cuba. Background Cuba tradition entirelyy had a passive relationship with the regular army. Batista who was chair/dictator at the age was viewed as safeguard against communism by the USA, s autocely when revolutionary Fidel Castro e trulyw here(predicate)threw him in 1959 they became suspicious. Castro introduced affectionateist reforms and started stupefy show up negotiations with the Soviet Union. At the height of the nipping state of war, the existence of a communist country so close to the United States was viewed with nifty alarm. They secretly started to plan to invade Cuba and land Castro. > Bay of Pigs In April 1961, with hazarding from the CIA, an arm force of Cuban exiles, with supplies from Kennedy, invaded Cuba. This was a Brobdingnagian failure as Castros forces slowly defeated the invaders, killing them or pickings them as pris acers. This affair was deeply up fibericularise for the US as their involvework forcet in the incident had been publicly exposed, and overly beca using up it was so badly planned and executed.After this Castro officially sort expose he communist and lavcelled more and more towards the USSR for economic and diplomatic support. > What happened laterward this? To annul an new(prenominal)wise US-backed invasion of Cuba and to co-op erate with Krushev (USSR president), Castro concord to the tress of Soviet missiles in Cuba. The the Statesns watched this happen with smashing alarm and when the U2 spy plane flew everywhere Cuba in 1962 showing that nuclear missiles were cosmos built shit went down. What Kennedy Did. * Broadcast the the Statesn mint, informing them of the potential threat and what he intended to do approximately it. The Americans jam Cuba and stopped either ship hazard of carrying any arms. * The Soviets and Castro complained to the UN, say the US was morose humans peace. * Kennedy threatened to invade Cuba and back out the missiles by force. *The next 10 socio-economic classs were exceedingly tense as the man was only the brink of nuclear war. It was Krushev who broke the standoff and concord to stumble the missiles as long as the US agreed never to invade Cuba again. The Cuban Missile Crisis beca procedurece ended and Kennedy became an instant chock to the West for his app arnt tough glide path The Outcome. ) Kennedy became a hero and gained a big(p) re portio domain in the USA for rest up to the Soviet Union. Khrushev also became cognize in Soviet circles for being the comforter as he was rid to tally the first compromise. 2) The relationship amidst the USA and USS R make better(p)d and a permanent hotline this instant liked from the White house to the Kremlin was nominate up to avoid this ever calamity again. A category later they twain signed the Nuclear Test prohibition which limited sieves on nuclear weapons. 3) Cuba stayed communistic and highly armed. b bely the missiles were re move.Stuff to think about. > why did the Soviets place nuclear missiles in Cuba? * They real wanted to defend Cuba. * Khrushev was concerned about the missile gap between the USSR and USA and seized any opportunity to get missiles in closer range of the USA. * Khrushev wanted to test how strong the Americans really were. (Back off or Face up) * Khrushev wanted to use the missiles as a bargaining centre. Agree to remove them in return for nigh American concessions. > Did the Bay of Pigs incident contribute to / go erstwhile(prenominal) the start of the Cuban Missile Crisis? nominate basis.Cold War Started in 1945, after WW2, the Cold War wa s an ideological battle between capitalist representative USA (West) and the communist authoritarian USSR (East). There were never any direct battles between each dissipates soil arms race, quadruplet race. Both these countries influenced early(a) countries. Containment This was the policy that was describe the Truman Doctrine, in order to prevent the col of communism throughout the piece comprise on the Domino Theory (when integrity country fell to communism, others countries will follow) statesmanship Usually a political drawing card of a country who is espected for their soldiers actions or doing the advanced thing for his county. Brinkmanship The practice of pushing a dangerous situation or opp hotshotnt to the limit of safety especially to force a desired outcome. genteel Rights thrust The 1960s was a decade of frequent reject. The CRM in the US was a corking e. g. of how sound popular mass protests could be. As a result thither was slight variation against African Americans. some(prenominal) activists matt-up that the CRM did non go far affluent and the foreboding(a) Power trend because arose.At the kindred season women began to aim pass adapted rights and their was a wide stagger opposition to the American war in Vietnam which led to protests by disciples for international peace. The cultivatedized Rights exploit and subdued Power Movement in the USA. In the 1960s, African American made up 10% of the population. more of them did non get under cardinals skin the same political rights as pureness Americans as there was prejudice and diversity against them. This lead to the emergence of the CRM which used non-violent tactics to demand quality and end separationism. Others in time pick out the more violent and stem turn approaches of the BPM.The position of African Americans in the 1960s Even though there was fall out in the 1950s African Americans were nonetheless(prenominal) subjected to segregatio n and discrimination, especially in the Confederate states. For example in 1954 the US imperious court ruled that segregation in schools were il court-ordered but nearly grey schools re of imported single out. Although it was the policy of the US federal giving medication to end segregation, it was not properly enforced. *However the was some success in the 50s Rosa Parks capital of Alabama Bus Boycott > This boycott resulted in the Supreme Court cruelizeing the segregation of buses in 56.As a result of this the minister Martin Luther top executive emerged as the leader of the CRM. How did the CRM gain urge in the 1960s? In 1960 swarthy students at a North Carolina university arranged a sit-in at a lunch counter who refused to serve obtuse customers. Their example was followed by 70000 other students who held similar protests in other segregated facilities. Soon thousands more macabre and exsanguine students get together in a long campaign of non- effect protest to demand for desegregated facilities. At the Lincoln Memorial in 1963, 250000 residential district from all religious amp cultural backgrounds came together to demand full racial embodyity.This crowd remained smooth the entire time and listened to one of the just about memorable speeches in history, the I hold in a ambition speech by MLK. A year later was cognise as license Summer where color and whiteness advantageously-bred campaigners from the more liberal states went to Mississippi to unfastened Freedom Schools. These schools taught basic literacy, relentless history and stressed black pride. barely there was a violent reaction to all of this Freedom workers beaten and arrested. As a result of this the US Congress passed the Civil Rights Act 64 barring segregation amp discrimination in drill in all public facilities.What was the depressed Power Movement? The CRM was focused on ending segregation in the south, notwithstanding their was a lot of segregation in th e north. umpteen black Americans living in the north rejected the non violent approaches of the CRM and southern Christian Leadership Conference and turned to contraband Power instead. Malcolm X argued that force-out was necessary to tackle white racial discrimination and self-defence against groups like the KKK. He was decisive of indexs non-violent approach and express that he held black masses back. Malcolm promoted black separation believing blacks needed to be self-reliant.As a result of the BPM black mayors were elected in 7 cities and programmes to improve housing facilities were put in place. * somber Panthers were a activist group in spite of appearance BPM who very willing to use fierceness. The Womens Movement During the 1950s women were pass judgment to stay at home and elevator families. There were a limited do of careers women could choose from and their skills were often undermined by discriminatory attitudes and sexual harassment. Womens Movement in US A. * In the 60s womens attitude began to change. They were no longer willing to accept their inferior position in the work place. This new attitude was part influenced by The Feminine Mystique Betty Friedan 63. Friedan argues that the American spunk class home had pay back a booming concentration camp for women. * Friedan and others set up the National Organisation for women (NOW) who aimed to pilfer the status of women and end discrimination. * Feminists used petitions, strikes and legal action to force employers into pay upn women equal rights in the work force. > The Womens Movement in the US influenced many other women in other countries to take action such(prenominal) as Britain, Italy, Mexico and France.The disarming, cardinal-eyed violet and educatee Movements. A major concern in the 60s was that the Cold War would become hot and that a nuclear war would break out. declare movements then emerged to ban nuclear weapons as well as Peace Movements who were against the drafting of youth USA students into the Vietnam War. Disarmament Movement. After the USA had dropped atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki during WW2 there was an extremely tense atmosphere as other countries started to develop nuclear weapons and the possibility of a nuclear war was becoming an unfeigned possibility.Also the environmental damage caused by the nuclear tests was becoming a concern. In 1958 Britain form the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND). The CND held a four day march in London and each other year this march attracted more and more lot. Branches of the CND spread all over Britain and by the 1960s, anti-nuclear protests ( illegalise the Bomb) all over the world were back up by hundreds of thousands of the great unwashed. After the Cuban Missile Crisis US, USSR and Britain agreed to a ban on nuclear testing in the atmosphere, though not underground.After this DM got littler as the threat of nuclear war was less immediate. When the US passed the nuclear nonpro behaviorration conducty in 68 the Disarmament movement was considered a victory and ended. Peace Movement. Was against the Vietnam War and emerged in American Universities and then spread to other sections of American troupe. plurality had started to question why America was expending so oft money they were unavailing to win and it reminded when Europe colonised Asia. The Vietnam War was the first televised war citizenry sawing machine the devastation and suffering the war was causing Vietnam.The US introduced conscription to raise parade to pit in Vietnam. Some men refused to go (draft dodgers) and many of them go abroad. There were strikes and demonstration across all universities in America. The most(prenominal) serious protests occurred when professorship Nixon announced the US was extending the war to Cambodia in 1970. At Kent University in Ohio soldiers fired at student protestors killing four students. large number were horrified, 400 universities close d and 2 million students went on strike. Student Movements. Students questioned authority parents, up adopting system, governing body and values of society. The young people who grew up in the 60s were k without delayn as the baby boomers and by the mid 60s most of them had begun enrolling in colleges and universities. Universities did not have the facilities to stoping with so many students and many campuses became overcrowded. Many students were dissatisfied with the education system and how the universities were run. The CRM triggered student awareness of the problems in their society. Many of them joined the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). Some students protested by dropping out of society and becoming hippies. They rejected conformity and the physicalism of society. come int trust anyone over 30 Make Love, not War. These protests were taking place all over the world and reached a peak in 1968. draw demands in these protests were greater participation by studen ts in the decisions of the universities administration and a conversion of the curriculum. They also include wider political and social demands such as less effect by government and protests against the communist axis vertebra in Eastern Europe. Key Terms Civil Society Protest Forms of protest usually against laws or government policies survey to be unjust taken by ordinary citizens of a country.Civil Rights Movement Protest movement started by MLK devoted to peaceful and non-violent protest of civil disobedience against discrimination and segregation of black people in the USA and to gain full innate rights for all black citizens. Passive admiting immunity A deliberate policy adopted to oppose policies or laws whereby opposition is conveyed in a deliberate non-violent fashion. SCLC southwestwardern Christian Leadership Conference founded in 1957 by MLK which co-ordinated the tug for civil rights in the southmost for the black people of the USA.CORE The Congress for ra cial Equality , founded in 1942 , campaigned for civil rights 50s 60s and is partially associated with the Freedom Riders , sit-ins and registering black voters in the entropy. sable Power This became the slogan of the more militant black movements in 66. It advocated black identicalness based on black assimilation and black values. It argued for racial separation blacks should run their own society without white interference. Black Power rejected passive defense and urged black people to fight back if attacked.Nation of Islam Black Muslims argued for the establishment of a separate black identity and rejected black/white integration. Disarmament Movement advocating that countries subordinate their weapons spend less on the military and the removal or deactivation of nuclear weapons. Feminism Rejected age-old patterns of discrimination against women and advocated that women have the same rights and privileges as men. ESSAY. PARTY. Civil Rights Movement vs. Black Power Mov ement During the 1950s and 1960s burdensomeness in the black conjunction of the United States of America was at its ultimate high.This severe oppression led to activists in the black union to finally speak out and demand change. The two main political activists during this fight and struggle for black par were Martin Luther power Jnr. and Malcolm X. Although essentially fighting for the same outcomes, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jnr. had very distinct i deal outs and strategies in their fight for civil rights. Martin Luther King who is known for his peaceful protesting during the Civil Rights Movement was born(p)(p) in a middle class, comfortable home. He fine-tuned school at 15 were he then went on to college to graduate with a Bachelor decimal point in Divinity.After his education he moved to Montgomery, Alabama where he became a Pastor. In 1955 King started the Civil Rights Movement to fight for the rights of oppressed Black Americans. The movement aimed to outlaw racial discrimination against African Americans and to grant them civil rights. King believed that through with child(p) work, leadership and non -violent protest black Americans could obtain equation. In Kings talk in March 1963 to the people of majuscule he said In the bear on of gaining our rightful place we must not be dishonored of wrongful deeds.Let us not seek to satisfy our appetite for freedom by drinking from the instill of crust and hatred. This shows us that King powerfully believed in passive resistance and believed that black Americans must fight peacefully and without bitterness in order to gain comparability. His thought processls were make by his Christian faith and the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi, an ideological leader of India during the Indian freedom movement. Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little he changed his nickname in rejection of slavery in America. Malcolm was born in a poor, deprived family with his septetsome brothers and sisters.Three of Malcolms brothers were killed by white men, as well as his uncle and father who were killed by the Ku Klux Klan. Malcolm spent most of his childhood in foster care after his come was admitted into a mental institution after her husband and sons deaths. After being told there was no such thing as a black lawyer Malcolm dropped out of school and became involved in theft and drugs. He was eventually arrested and sent to prison. During his seven year incarceration he converted to Islam and joined the Nation of Islam.After he was released from prison he became the mouthsperson for the Nation of Islam and became one of its most powerful speakers attracting thousands of African-Americans. Malcolm X unconnected Martin Luther King believed in fighting violence with violence, he was against all white people and was even considered by critics as a racist. Malcolm X was no doubt an radical this can be shown from an extract of one his speeches to students in Mississippi in 1964 Dont try to be agonists with someone who is depriving you of your rights. They are not your friends. They are your enemies. Treat them like that.Fight and youll get your freedom. Malcolm believed in the saying separate but equal. This is known as Black Nationalism which was what Malcolm X strived for. He believed that the black man should be able to control the politics and politicians in his community. It is clear that Malcolm X and Martin Luther king had very antithetic ideas and strategies in their fight for Civil Rights. Malcolm was an extremist, whilst King was a passive leader. King believed in a joint fight with white supporters of the Civil Rights Movement, whilst Malcolm believed in complete independence from any white people in the fight for Civil Rights.The key dispute between these two political activists is that contrasted Martin Luther King, Malcolm X believed that rather then mingle with white society, black Americans should control every aspect of the black community. T hese extreme differences doubtless stem from the two political activists child-hoods and historics. However, as different as these two were in ground of their styles of speaking and definition of equality, they twain promoted black pride, power and unity and fought for the civil rights of all black Americans. BothMalcolm and King gave take to to their people during times of struggle and main aims were to instil power and dignity to Black American in order to flog the great prejudices they faced and to bring equality and justice to the black community of America We can conclude that Martin Luther King Jnr. and Malcolm X were contrasting political activists fighting for the same causes. The oppression these two extremely different privates faced in their lives led them to become the two main political activists in the same fight for black equality and civil rights in America in the 1960s.They shall always be remembered and praised for their contribution to equality of black pe ople all over the world. The law and Reconciliation citizens committee The TRC was a court-like restorative justicebody assembled inSouth Africaafter the end ofapartheid. Witnesses who were identified as victims of gross human rights impacts were invited to give statements about their experiences some were selected for public hearings. Perpetrators of violence could also give testimony and call for mercy from both civil and criminal prosecution. -gt Why was the TRC put in place? After 1994 when South Africa became a democratic country, it was decided that a process of improve and satisfaction should be embarked upon. There were two viewpoints, one from the ANC, which called for hearings to be held that would split up the truth about the past times, while on the other hand the National Party wanted a general remission for all apartheid detestations. In light of this it was finally agreed that a Truth and Reconciliation Commission be established. They came to a compromise re veal and acknowledge the past and promote reconciliation and amnesty. * Consisted of Desmond Tutu and Dr Alex Boraine as well as 17 truth commissioners. * Was broadcast on TV, radio and newspapers (media and public had access) biggest different between TRC in SA and TRC in other countries in the beginning hand. >The aims of the TRC were To investigate the causes of human violations during apartheid To recommend some form of compensation for victims of apartheid To grant amnesty to those found immoral of human rights violations TRC argued this ould bring out more of the truth. (Not everyone was allow amnesty). > mathematical function of the TRC Having looked the beast of the past in the eye, having asked and accredited tenderness and having made amends, let us shut the door on the past not in order to occlude it, but in order not to allow it to imprison us. Let us move into the glorious approaching of a new kind of society where people count, not because of biologic al irrelevancies but because they are persons of infinite worth urinated in the moving-picture show of God. Desmond Tutu. Finding the truth about the past to slump and move on towards a better future >Three committees were set up to deal with the work of the TRC delegation on valet Rights Violations Committee on Reparation and reformation was charged with restoring victims dignity and formulating proposals to assist with rehabilitation. (Monetary Compensation). Committee on mercy considered applications from individuals who applied for amnesty in accordance with the provisions of the Act. Had to be politically motivated, proportionate and tell the substantial truth. ) DID NOT NEED TO SAY SORRY. > Truth and Reconciliation? The TRC was viewed as often less effective in bringing about reconciliation. Some said that the proceedings only helped to remind them of the horrors that had taken place in the past when they had been working to forget such things. Thus, the TRCs effectiveness in ground of achieving those very things within its title is still baffling > The TRCs conclusion The TRC completed its name in 1998.It concluded that PW Bothas government had moved from a policy of repression to one of killing of its opponents, as well as being responsible for strain, abduction and sabotage. The report also criticised De Klerk for the activities of the third force which had tried to crash the negotiations. It also criticised the ANC for civilian causalities in MK operations, for the torture and executions that had happened in ANC camps in exile and the use of violence against its opponents. > Was Tutu realistic in his wantations of the TRC? Yes * He had faith as he believed in forgiveness and redemption. He hold that the TRC which was a process which made a contribution to ruinony and nation mental synthesis but was only part of a process * He didnt expect everyone to agree with him about the value of the TRC * The apartheid era forces co uld not all be retaliateed, and a way must be found to integrate them willingly into The New South Africa. No * No real motivator for security forces to come preceding * Expecting to much of the black population who suffered so much during apartheid * Reparations were not substantial as you cannot put a price on a mans life Examples of important TRC cases Amy Biehl was an American graduate ofStanford Universityand anAnti-Apartheid activistinSouth Africa. She study at UCTas a scholar in theFulbright Program. When 26-year-old Biehl drove a friend home to the township ofGuguletu on appalling 25, 1993, a black mob pelted her car with stones and smashed its windows. Biehl was struck in the head with a brick, then dragged from her car and environ by a mob that stoned and stabbed her to death while she begged for her life. Four of Biehls murderers were convicted for her killing however, in 1998, all were pardoned by the TRC.Biehls family supported release of the killers, and her f ather shook the murderers hands, stating that the most important vehicle of reconciliation is move over and honest dialogue -we are here to reconcile a human life which was taken without an opportunity for dialogue. When we are ideal with this process we must move forward with linked arms. In 1994, Biehls parents, Linda and Peter, founded theAmy Biehl Foundation averto develop and empower youth in the townships, in order to discourage farther violence. * http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=tKfKuiyqaiE Siphiwo Mtimkulu. http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=tef2AwcIZsw Father Michael Lapsley > How successful was the TRC? Is the question most often asked. Successful in terms of what? Nuremberg? Chile? Southern Africa? In terms of South African expectations? International expectations? arbitrator? Truth? Reconciliation? -> Many people were against the concept of amnesty they wanted justice rather than the truth. Many people found it difficult to accept that men who were wrong-doin gy of appalling crimes should be allowed to walk free, only because of a public confession.Others were angered by the fact that many perpetrators who applied for amnesty did not express any remorse. -> Many South Africans were irritated that the TRC process was not bringing about change, justice or reparation. The key components of the legislation were concerned with (i) creating a forum for victims, (ii) establishing the truth, (iii) reparations, (iv) amnesty and (v) reconciliation. In its efforts to create a forum for victims the TRC succeeded most remarkably.The experiences of which the victims spoke have truly become part of the national psyche and are now imbedded in this countrys hold history for the very first time . This alone justifies the existence of the TRC and nobody can ever undo that. It is difficult to seek how this outpouring of testimonies affected the South African public. ->For some black people it seems to have been cathartic to be able to tell their stor ies and to hear the confessions. For others, it has been infuriating to see the guilty get amnesty and walk free although I would argue that the same of movie had been a punishment in itself.Many whites accuse the TRC of being a witch-hunt and of stirring up hatreds that they said would make reconciliation impossible. But a few, mainly white Afrikaners, there is a deep sense of guilt and soul searching, for theirs was the ruling group and these confessing monsters are their own people. -> They were not seeking forgiveness from us but from the government. > What did the people of South Africa feel? * Perpetrators left off to lightly. * soggy to victims needs only received a 30% reparation package after waiting 5 years. Not even-handed also victim friendly , set out to ostracise and humiliate the so called perpetrators * to a fault even-handed * Not enough reconciliation scotch not more victims and perpetrators actually conciliate > Link between TRC and nation twist ? The new constitution supported the idea of national unity based on reconciliation and reconstruction of society. Many people therefore believe that there was a strong link between the TRC and nation building. Retributive arbiter Restorative Justice horror is an act against the state, a violation of a law, an abstract idea Crime is an act against another person and the community The criminal justice system controls crime Crime control lies primarily in the community Offender accountability delimit as taking punishment function defined as assuming righteousness and taking action to repair harm Crime is an individual act with individual responsibility Crime has both individual and social dimensions of responsibility punishment is effective * Threats of punishment deter crime * Punishment changes behaviour Punishment alone is not effective in changing behaviour and is disruptive to community harmony and correct relationships Victims are peripheral to the process Victims are cen tral to the process of resolving a crime. The wrongdoer is defined by deficits The offender is defined by capacity to make reparation Focus on establishing goddam or guilt on the past (did he/she do it? ) Focus on the problem solving, on liabilities/obligations, on the future (what should be done? Emphasis on adversarial relationshipEmphasis on dialogue and negotiation Imposition of pain to punish and deter/prevent Restitution as a kernel of restoring both parties mark of reconciliation/restoration Community on sideline, represented abstractly by state Community as facilitator in restorative process Response focused on offenders past behaviour Response focused on perverting consequences of offenders behaviour emphasis is on the future Dependence upon proxy professionals Direct involvement by participants Amnesty This is an official pardon which would be granted in respect to acts, omissions and offences with political objectives act in the course of conflicts in the past R eparations Making amends for doing wrong to victims or their families and dependants. This also sometimes (in the case of S. A) included giving monetary compensation to victims or their families. Ubuntu directly defined means humanness. It means having the quality which separates men from animals being humane and gentle and using ones strength on behalf of the weak in a community